U.S. Taxes for Americans Living in Portugal: The 2026 Guide

Key takeaways

• The United States taxes its citizens on worldwide income wherever they live, so moving to Portugal adds a second tax system rather than replacing the first.
• Portugal taxes its residents on worldwide income, and residency can start on the first day you are present if you meet the 183-day or habitual-residence test.
• The 1994 US–Portugal income tax treaty and the separate 1989 social security agreement do different jobs, and the treaty's saving clause means it rarely lowers US tax for citizens directly.
• For most employed Americans in Portugal, the foreign tax credit tends to work better than the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion, because Portuguese rates on wages are often higher than US rates.
• Portuguese bank, investment and pension accounts trigger US reporting (FBAR, Form 8938, and often PFIC or trust forms), and Portuguese banks report US account holders under FATCA.

Do Americans living in Portugal still file US taxes?

Yes. US citizens and resident aliens living abroad are generally required to file income, estate and gift tax returns and pay estimated tax in the same way as people living in the United States (IRS, filing requirements abroad). This is citizenship-based taxation. Portugal's residence-based system does not switch it off.

Filing thresholds (tax year 2025). You generally must file if your gross income is at least $15,750 (single, under 65), $31,500 (married filing jointly, both under 65) or $23,625 (head of household, under 65) (IRS Pub. 501, 2025). Excluded foreign earned income still counts toward the threshold (IRS). These amounts are indexed annually. If you have $400 or more of net self-employment earnings, you generally must file regardless of the income threshold — this specific figure was not independently refetched for this guide.

Deadlines. For calendar-year filers the return and payment are generally due April 15. If you live outside the United States and your main place of business is outside the United States on the due date, you get an automatic two-month extension to file and pay, and you can request four more months with Form 4868 filed before the extended date. The extra four months is not an extension to pay, and interest runs on unpaid tax (IRS, where and when to file).

When does Portugal treat you as a tax resident, and what does it tax?

Residency tests. Under Article 16(1) of the Personal Income Tax Code (CIRS), you are resident in a year if you either (a) stayed in Portugal more than 183 days, consecutive or not, in any 12-month period starting or ending in that year, or (b) stayed less but had, on any day of that period, housing in conditions suggesting a current intention to keep and occupy it as your habitual residence (CIRS art. 16). Any day, full or partial, that includes an overnight stay counts as a day of presence (art. 16(2)).

When residency starts and ends. Portugal has split-year residency. You generally become resident from the first day of your stay, unless you were resident on any day of the prior year (art. 16(3)). Residency generally ends on your last day of presence (art. 16(4)), with exceptions discussed under "Leaving Portugal."

Tax base, confirmed in the charging provision. Article 15(1) CIRS states that for residents the tax falls on all of their income, including income obtained outside Portugal; for non-residents it falls only on Portuguese-source income (art. 15(2)) (CIRS art. 15). Portugal is therefore a worldwide system for residents, not territorial or remittance-based.

Tax residency is not immigration status. A residence permit or D7 visa does not by itself make you tax resident, and you can be tax resident without one.

Rates (2026 income). The general progressive table, in the wording given by Law 73-A/2025, runs from 12.5% on taxable income up to €8,342 to 48% above €86,634 (CIRS art. 68). Brackets change most years. An additional solidarity surcharge applies at high incomes; its exact thresholds were not checked for this guide. Flat "autonomous" rates of 28% apply to most investment income and securities gains, and 25% to residential rental income, with the option to aggregate them with other income instead (CIRS art. 72).

Local filing. The annual return (Modelo 3) is filed electronically from April 1 to June 30 for the prior year. If a foreign tax credit amount is not yet determined in the source country by then, the deadline extends to December 31, provided you notify the tax authority (AT) within the normal window, stating the income type and source country (CIRS art. 60(3)–(4)). This matters for Americans whose US liability is not final by June.

NHR is closed; IFICI replaced it. The Non-Habitual Resident regime was repealed by Law 82/2023. Transitional rules keep it for people already registered and for certain people who became resident by the end of 2024 with qualifying ties dated by late 2023 (Law 82/2023 art. 236, reproduced under CIRS art. 16). Its replacement, IFICI (Tax Benefits Statute art. 58-A), offers a 20% rate on net employment and self-employment income from listed activities (research, higher education, certified startups, highly qualified roles in certain exporting or incentivized companies) for 10 consecutive years, to people not resident in Portugal in any of the previous five years (EBF art. 58-A). Beneficiaries' foreign income in categories A, B, E, F and G is exempt with progression, but foreign pensions (category H) are not (CIRS art. 81(4)). The AT's guidance is Circular 20276/2025 of February 26, 2025 (AT circular). For a US citizen, a Portuguese exemption does not remove US tax; it only leaves no Portuguese tax to credit.

Is there a US–Portugal tax treaty?

Yes. The income tax convention was signed on September 6, 1994, and its provisions generally have effect from January 1, 1996 (IRS treaty text; Treasury Technical Explanation). The provisions that matter most to individuals:

• Taxes covered (art. 2 and Protocol para. 2(a)). The treaty excludes US social security contributions and, per the Protocol, Portuguese social security contributions. Those are handled by the separate totalization agreement.
• Residence and tie-breaker (art. 4). A person resident in both countries is assigned to the state of permanent home, then center of vital interests, then habitual abode, then nationality, then mutual agreement. Under Protocol para. 3(c), Portugal treats a US citizen or green card holder as a US resident only if they have a substantial presence in the United States or would be US resident under the permanent-home and vital-interests tests.
• Saving clause (Protocol para. 1(b)). Each country may tax its own residents, and the United States may tax its citizens, as if the treaty did not exist. Exceptions preserved for citizens include art. 20(1)(b) and 20(4) (social security and child support) and arts. 25–27 (double tax relief, non-discrimination, mutual agreement) (Protocol para. 1(c)).
• Dividends (art. 10) and interest (art. 11). Source-country tax on portfolio dividends is capped at 15%, and on interest at 10%, with exemptions for certain government and long-term bank interest.
• Pensions (art. 20). Private pensions are taxable only in the residence state (art. 20(1)(a)), but the saving clause lets the United States tax citizens anyway. Social security paid to a resident of the other state, or to a US citizen, "may be taxed" in the paying state (art. 20(1)(b)). Government-service pensions follow art. 21.
• Relief from double taxation (art. 25). The United States credits Portuguese income tax (art. 25(1)). For a US citizen resident in Portugal, income the United States may tax only because of citizenship is treated as arising in Portugal to the extent needed to avoid double taxation (art. 25(2)). Portugal credits US tax only on income the United States may tax other than solely by citizenship, capped at the Portuguese tax attributable to that income (art. 25(3)(a)).

Where the text is unsettled. Article 20(1)(b) says the paying state "may" tax social security, not "only." Read literally, Portugal can also tax US Social Security and must credit the US tax; some commentators read it as exclusive to the United States. This guide did not confirm how the Technical Explanation or Portuguese practice resolves that question.

How do you avoid paying tax twice?

The US tools are the foreign tax credit (Form 1116) and the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (Form 2555). They are separate mechanisms, and income you exclude cannot also generate a credit.

Foreign Earned Income Exclusion. The maximum is $130,000 per qualifying person for 2025 and $132,900 for 2026, prorated for partial years; the housing limitation is generally 30% of that maximum ($39,000 for 2025; $39,870 for 2026), adjusted by location (IRS). It requires a foreign tax home plus the bona fide residence or physical presence (330 full days in 12 months) test, must be claimed on a filed return, and does not reduce US self-employment tax.

Foreign tax credit. Portuguese tax on wages (up to 48%) often exceeds US tax on the same income, so the credit can eliminate it. Credits are computed separately by category (generally passive versus general income), and unused credits can generally be carried back one year and forward ten, per Publication 514 (not independently refetched for this guide). Excluding wages under the FEIE can also make your other income taxable in higher US brackets, though this guide did not confirm that mechanic in detail.

When each tends to fit. The FEIE tends to suit people with low Portuguese tax (an IFICI beneficiary at 20%, say); the credit tends to suit people paying full progressive rates. Switching away from the FEIE after electing it can restrict re-electing it for several years, though this guide did not confirm the exact restriction.

US-source investment income. For US dividends and interest, art. 25 creates an ordering: Portugal credits US tax only up to the treaty rate a non-citizen would face (15% on portfolio dividends, 10% on interest), Portugal then taxes the income at its own rate, and the United States credits the Portuguese tax on the portion re-sourced to Portugal under art. 25(2).

Timing. Both countries use the calendar year. The practical mismatch is filing dates, which CIRS art. 60(3) addresses.

Social security: will you pay both?

The US–Portugal totalization agreement was signed March 30, 1988 and took effect August 1, 1989 (SSA, status of agreements). It is a separate instrument from the income tax treaty.

Self-employed. Self-employed workers residing in Portugal are assigned Portuguese coverage; those residing in the United States are assigned US coverage. To establish the exemption from US self-employment tax, write to the Portuguese regional social security center where you are registered and attach a copy of the resulting certificate to your US return each year (SSA, Portugal agreement). Without that certificate, US self-employment tax generally still applies, and the FEIE will not reduce it.

Employees. As a general rule, employees are covered where they work. Employees temporarily sent from one country to the other by their employer may stay in the home system under the agreement's detached-worker rule; the exact duration and conditions were not confirmed in the agreement text for this guide. The SSA page describes the Portuguese certificate (form P/USA 1) for Portuguese workers sent to the United States (SSA); US employers sending staff to Portugal request a US certificate from SSA.

Portuguese rates. The general rates are 11% for the employee and 23.75% for the employer, and 21.4% for self-employed workers (Segurança Social rate leaflet). For self-employed service providers, the 21.4% rate is applied to 70% of relevant income, per secondary sources. Newly registered self-employed workers are generally exempt for their first 12 months, also per secondary sources.

Benefits. Credits can be combined to qualify: the United States counts Portuguese credits only if you have at least six US credits, and Portugal requires at least 12 months of Portuguese coverage. Each country pays its own benefit, and workers exempted from Portuguese coverage generally lose Portuguese sickness, maternity and unemployment benefits (SSA).

Which US forms apply to accounts and assets in Portugal?

FBAR (FinCEN Form 114). Required if the aggregate value of your foreign financial accounts exceeded $10,000 at any time during the calendar year, including accounts where you only have signature authority (IRS). Filed electronically with FinCEN, not with your tax return.

Form 8938. If you live abroad, you generally file if your specified foreign financial assets exceeded $200,000 on the last day of the year or $300,000 at any time (unmarried or married filing separately), or $400,000 / $600,000 (married filing jointly). Foreign real estate held directly is not reportable; an interest in a foreign pension plan is; rights to foreign state social security are not (IRS, Form 8938 thresholds; IRS Q&A). The same account often goes on both forms.

FATCA and CRS. Portugal's Model 1 FATCA intergovernmental agreement has been in force since August 10, 2016 (US Treasury FATCA table). Portuguese banks ask US persons for a US taxpayer number and report their accounts to the AT, which passes the data to the IRS. Portugal also began automatic exchange under the OECD Common Reporting Standard in 2017, implemented through Decree-Law 64/2016 (OECD peer review, 2024). The United States uses FATCA, not CRS.

Local pensions, retirement accounts and investment funds

Portuguese investment funds and ETFs. A non-US fund is very often a passive foreign investment company (PFIC), bringing punitive default taxation and annual Form 8621 filings unless a QEF or mark-to-market election is available (26 U.S.C. §1297 and the Form 8621 instructions, not independently refetched for this guide). Some Americans hold US-domiciled funds instead, where a broker will serve Portuguese residents.

PPR (Plano Poupança Reforma). PPRs can be structured as investment funds, pension funds or insurance contracts. Their US treatment (PFIC, foreign trust, or foreign insurance contract) depends on the structure and has not been settled by IRS guidance specific to Portugal.

Trust reporting. A foreign pension or retirement plan may be treated as a foreign trust requiring Form 3520 or 3520-A. Revenue Procedure 2020-17 exempts certain eligible individuals' tax-favored foreign retirement trusts from Form 3520 reporting, and proposed regulations under §6048 (May 2024) may be relied on for some pension, medical, disability and education trusts (IRS). Rev. Proc. 2020-17 gives no relief from FBAR, Form 8938 or tax, and whether a Portuguese plan qualifies needs a plan-by-plan check that this guide did not perform for any specific product.

US retirement accounts while resident in Portugal. IRA and 401(k) accounts at US institutions are not reportable on Form 8938 (IRS Q&A). Distributions are private pensions under treaty art. 20(1)(a), taxable in Portugal as residence state, and taxable by the United States under the saving clause. Whether Portugal respects the tax-deferred status of growth inside a Roth IRA, or taxes it on distribution, is not addressed in the treaty text.

Running a business or company in Portugal

Check classification first. For US purposes, a Portuguese Sociedade Anónima (S.A.) is a per se corporation and cannot elect another classification (Treas. Reg. §301.7701-2(b)(8)(i)). A Sociedade por Quotas (Lda.) is not on that list, so it is an eligible entity: by default it is a corporation (all members have limited liability), but it can elect to be a partnership or, with one owner, a disregarded entity on Form 8832 — this default-classification detail under §301.7701-3 was not re-checked for this guide. Check this before assuming a CFC.

If it is a corporation. US shareholders, officers and directors of certain foreign corporations may have to file Form 5471 (IRS). If US shareholders own more than 50%, it is a controlled foreign corporation. For tax years beginning after December 31, 2025, GILTI was replaced by "net CFC tested income" (NCTI) under P.L. 119-21, removing the tangible-asset carve-out and setting the §250 deduction at 40% for corporations and §962 electors, per secondary summaries of the law. An individual shareholder without a §962 election is generally taxed at ordinary rates on the inclusion, per the same secondary sources.

If it is disregarded or you are a sole trader (trabalhador independente). Profits go directly on your US return, with US self-employment tax unless a totalization certificate exempts you.

Buying, renting and selling property

Selling your Portuguese home: US side. The §121 exclusion of up to $250,000 ($500,000 for certain joint filers) applies to your main home (IRS Pub. 523, 2025), and IRS guidance does not, per secondary summaries, limit it to US homes. Gain is measured in dollars, so currency movement alone can change it.

Selling your Portuguese home: Portuguese side. For residents, 50% of a net real estate gain is taxed at progressive rates (CIRS art. 43(2)(b)). Gain on your own permanent home is excluded if net proceeds are reinvested in another permanent home in Portugal or the EU/EEA from 24 months before to 36 months after the sale, among other conditions (CIRS art. 10(5)) (CIRS art. 43; CIRS art. 10). The two countries' reliefs do not line up: a sale can be exempt in one and taxable in the other.

Euro mortgages. Repaying a euro mortgage can produce a taxable US currency gain even without a sale, while a currency loss on a personal mortgage is generally not deductible, per secondary sources.

Renting out property. In Portugal, residential rental income is taxed at a flat 25%, reduced for long leases (by 10 points for 5–10 years, 15 for 10–20 years, 20 for 20+ years), with other rental income at 28%, unless you elect to aggregate (CIRS art. 72(1)(e), (2)–(5), (13)). Portugal taxes this income as both residence and situs country, and the United States generally credits the Portuguese tax. US depreciation rules for foreign residential property differ from domestic property, though the specifics were not confirmed for this guide.

Securities and crypto. Securities gains are taxed at 28% unless you aggregate, and aggregation is mandatory for assets held under 365 days if your taxable income reaches the top bracket (CIRS art. 72(14)). Partial exclusions of 10%, 20% or 30% apply to gains on listed securities and open funds held 2–5, 5–8 or 8+ years (CIRS art. 43(5), as amended by Law 31/2024). Gains on crypto held 365 days or more are generally excluded (CIRS art. 10(22)). The United States taxes all of these gains regardless, and a Portuguese exemption means no Portuguese tax to credit.

Employment, equity compensation and remote work for a US employer

Source and treaty. Wages are sourced where the work is physically performed, so work done in Portugal is generally Portuguese-source and taxable there under treaty art. 16, even if paid by a US employer into a US account. For US purposes it is foreign earned income.

Withholding on both sides. A US employer may keep withholding US income tax and FICA unless payroll is adjusted; FICA generally stops only under the totalization agreement. Portugal will expect income tax and, absent a US certificate of coverage, Portuguese social security. How an employer with no Portuguese presence registers, and whether you make advance payments to the AT, depends on the arrangement and was not confirmed for this guide. Your presence can also raise permanent-establishment questions for the employer (treaty art. 5).

RSUs and options. Equity vesting across time in both countries may be apportioned by workdays, but the two countries' methods may not match exactly, a point this guide did not confirm in detail. Keep a location log for the whole vesting period.

Leaving Portugal

Portuguese side. Residency generally ends on your last day of presence (CIRS art. 16(4)), but you remain resident for the whole year if you spent more than 183 days in Portugal that year and receive, after leaving, income that would have been taxable as a resident. This does not apply if you show that income is taxed in another EU/EEA state, or elsewhere at a rate at least 60% of the Portuguese rate (art. 16(14)–(15)). If you become resident again the following year, you are treated as resident for the full year (art. 16(16)). Losing residency is treated as a disposal of crypto-assets, so unrealized crypto gains are taxed on departure (CIRS art. 10(25), with valuation in art. 43(12), as amended by Decree-Law 97/2026). This guide found no general exit tax on other individual assets in the provisions reviewed.

US side. Leaving Portugal changes nothing for US citizens. Renouncing citizenship, or ending long-term green card residency, can trigger §877A. You are a "covered expatriate" if your average annual net income tax for the prior five years exceeds an indexed amount ($206,000 for 2025), your net worth is $2 million or more, or you fail to certify five years of compliance on Form 8854; covered expatriates are taxed as if they sold all property the day before expatriating, with an exclusion of $890,000 for 2025 (IRS, expatriation tax). A long-term green card holder who claims Portuguese residency under the treaty tie-breaker, without waiving treaty benefits, can be treated as ending US residency (IRS).

Mistakes Americans commonly make in Portugal

1. Assuming residency starts January 1 or after 183 days. Split-year rules can make you resident from the first day, and the habitual-residence test can apply with far fewer days.
2. Filing the Modelo 3 by June 30 with an estimated US credit, instead of using the art. 60(3) extension to December 31 when the US amount is not yet known.
3. Relying on the FEIE to cover self-employment tax. It does not. Only a Portuguese certificate under the totalization agreement removes US self-employment tax.
4. Buying Portuguese funds or PPRs without checking PFIC exposure. The US reporting and tax cost can outweigh the Portuguese benefit.
5. Expecting IFICI or old NHR exemptions to reduce US tax. A Portuguese exemption on foreign income leaves the US tax untouched.
6. Green card holders claiming Portuguese treaty residency without considering expatriation consequences.
7. Forgetting euro-mortgage currency gains on refinancing or repayment.
8. Treating an Lda. as a corporation by default without considering an entity classification election, or treating an S.A. as eligible for one.

Checklist

Before moving

• Decide your residency start date with the art. 16 tests in mind.
• Review Portuguese and US treatment of any funds you hold; consider whether to restructure before becoming resident.
• If self-employed, plan your Portuguese social security registration and certificate of coverage.
• Check IFICI eligibility before signing a job contract; registration deadlines apply.

First 90 days

• Obtain a Portuguese tax number (NIF) and register your address with the AT.
• Give Portuguese banks your US TIN when asked.
• Start a day-count and location log.

Every year

• US: Form 1040 by June 15 (automatic extension abroad), Form 4868 if needed; FBAR; Form 8938; Forms 8621, 5471 or 3520 as relevant.
• Portugal: Modelo 3 between April 1 and June 30, or notify the AT and file by December 31 under art. 60(3).
• Attach your Portuguese social security certificate to your US return if self-employed.

Before leaving

• Test the art. 16(14) full-year rule against your departure date.
• Check crypto exit taxation under art. 10(25).
• Green card holders: get advice on §877A before ending US residency or claiming treaty residence.

Frequently asked questions

Do I have to file a US tax return if I live in Portugal? Generally yes, if worldwide gross income meets your filing threshold ($15,750 single under 65 for 2025).

Is Portuguese income tax deductible from my US taxes? It is generally creditable on Form 1116, subject to the credit limits.

Can I use the FEIE and the foreign tax credit together? Yes, but not on the same income.

Does the US–Portugal treaty stop the IRS from taxing me? Not directly for citizens; the saving clause preserves US tax, and relief comes mainly through article 25.

Do I pay Social Security in both countries as a freelancer in Portugal? Generally no, if you obtain the Portuguese certificate under the 1989 agreement and attach it to your US return.

Can Americans still get NHR in Portugal? New applicants generally cannot. IFICI is the successor for qualifying activities.

When to hire a professional

• US return with Form 1116, 2555, 8621 or 5471: a US enrolled agent or CPA experienced with expatriate returns.
• Portuguese residency, Modelo 3, IFICI registration or art. 60(3) extension: a Portuguese certified accountant (contabilista certificado) or tax adviser.
• Company formation, entity classification or CFC/NCTI exposure: a US international tax specialist working with a Portuguese adviser.
• Pensions, PPRs and US retirement accounts: a cross-border financial planner, plus a tax adviser on each side.
• Renunciation or ending a green card: a US tax attorney or CPA experienced with §877A, before you act.

Sources

Accessed October 12, 2026.

Source	URL	Used for	Date of page
IRS, Portugal tax treaty documents	https://www.irs.gov/businesses/international-businesses/portugal-tax-treaty-documents	Treaty documents index	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
US–Portugal income tax treaty (1994)	https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-trty/portugal.pdf	Treaty articles	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
US Treasury, Technical Explanation, US–Portugal treaty	https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/131/Treaty-Portugal-TE-9-6-1994.pdf	Treaty interpretation (linked, not reviewed in full)	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
SSA, Totalization Agreement with Portugal	https://www.ssa.gov/international/Agreement_Pamphlets/portugal.html	Totalization agreement	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
SSA, Status of Totalization Agreements	https://www.ssa.gov/international/status.html	Agreement effective date	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS, US citizens and residents abroad – filing requirements	https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/us-citizens-and-residents-abroad-filing-requirements	Filing requirements	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS, Where and when to file and pay (abroad)	https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/us-citizens-and-resident-aliens-abroad-where-and-when-to-file-and-pay	Deadlines	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS Publication 501 (2025)	https://www.irs.gov/publications/p501	Filing thresholds	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS, Figuring the foreign earned income exclusion	https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/figuring-the-foreign-earned-income-exclusion	FEIE	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS, Do I need to file Form 8938	https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/do-i-need-to-file-form-8938-statement-of-specified-foreign-financial-assets	Form 8938 thresholds	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS, Basic questions and answers on Form 8938	https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/basic-questions-and-answers-on-form-8938	Form 8938 scope	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS, Expatriation tax	https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/expatriation-tax	Exit tax	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
IRS Publication 523 (2025)	https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-prior/p523--2025.pdf	Home sale exclusion	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
Treas. Reg. §301.7701-2	https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/26/301.7701-2	Entity classification	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
US Treasury, FATCA agreements table	https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/tax-policy/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act	Portugal FATCA Model 1	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
AT, CIRS arts. 10, 15, 16, 43, 60, 68, 72, 81	https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/cirs_rep/Pages/codigo-do-irs-indice.aspx	Portuguese income tax law	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
AT, Tax Benefits Statute art. 58-A (IFICI)	https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/bf_rep/Pages/EBF58A.aspx	IFICI regime	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
AT, Ofício-circulado 20276/2025 (IFICI guidance)	https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/legislacao/instrucoes_administrativas/Documents/Oficio_circulado_20276_2025.pdf	IFICI administrative guidance	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
Segurança Social, contribution rates leaflet	https://www.seg-social.pt/documents/10152/16175054/Taxas_Contributivas/5ea23f5f-e7c4-400f-958b-4ff12c41ca0e	Social security rates	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
OECD, AEOI peer review 2024, Portugal	https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/peer-review-of-the-automatic-exchange-of-financial-account-information-2024-update_1aa02413-en/full-report/component-46.html	CRS participation	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
Invoicexpress, social security for self-employed (secondary)	https://invoicexpress.com/blog/descontos-seguranca-social-como-calcular/	70% relevant income base	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
Facilite, first-year self-employed exemption (secondary)	https://www.facilite.co/pt/seguranca-social-trabalhador-independente	First-year exemption	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
Crowe, OBBB international tax changes (secondary)	https://www.crowe.com/insights/tax-news-highlights/obbb-makes-sweeping-changes-to-international-tax	NCTI summary	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
Greenback Tax Services, currency gains on foreign mortgages (secondary)	https://www.greenbacktaxservices.com/blog/capital-gains-tax/	Euro mortgage currency gain	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026
BrightTax, foreign real estate glossary (secondary)	https://brighttax.com/glossary/foreign-real-estate/	§121 on foreign homes	Accessed Oct. 12, 2026

For questions about your own residency dates, income mix or accounts, the TaxLatitude assistant can help you work through how these rules apply to your situation and what to ask a professional.

This guide is educational and is not personalized tax advice.